How were last names created?

How were last names created?
most last names were created in the 1600's based on the type of job your family had.
The orgin of many names as stated came from the role of job you or your family did. e.g. Smith is derived from Blacksmith or iron smith. The job of course was working with metal.
Pearce - origination is from the Ancient Greek "Petros", meaning rock, and was the name given by Jesus to Simon, to be steadfastness in faith
Davis - distinguished surname, with no less than twenty Coats of Arms, and several notable entries in the "Dictionary of National Biography", is a patronymic form of the male given name David, itself coming from the Hebrew "Dodaveha" meaning "Beloved of Jehovah". This name was borne by the greatest of the early kings of Israel, which led to its popularity first among the Jews, and later among Christians throughout Europe in the Middle Ages. In Britain, the popularity of the personal name was increased due to the ame of St. David, 6th Century Bishop of Menevia, who became patron saint of Wales